INZ-India

Science in ancient India flourished profoundly, characterized by a remarkable assimilation of indigenous knowledge and external influences. The period witnessed significant advancements in fields such as astronomy, mathematics, alchemy, and physiology, often based on the cumulative works of pioneering thinkers who referred to the contributions of their predecessors. This continuity and integration not only enriched Indian scientific thought but also facilitated a dynamic exchange of ideas with other cultures, including the Hellenistic world and the Arabic sphere. This article explores the vibrant landscape of science in ancient India, focusing on the assimilation of diverse intellectual streams, notable figures such as Varahamihira and Aryabhata, and the scientific doctrines that shaped this era. One of the key indicators of scientific development in ancient India is the reference to earlier works by contemporary scholars, suggesting a systematic compilation and critical review of pr...

Kalhana, a towering figure in the realm of Kashmiri literature, stands as a pivotal contributor to the tapestry of ancient Indian literature. His seminal work, the Rajatarangini , which translates to "The River of Kings," is not merely a historical chronicle but a profound exploration of the socio-political landscape of Kashmir during his time. Emerging as a Brahmin of substantial lineage—a son of a notable minister—Kalhana's identity is enshrouded in the nuances of his work and the tumultuous period he navigated. Born in the early twelfth century, Kalhana's writings emerged against a backdrop of significant dynastic strife, characterized by political upheaval and civil unrest. The reign of King Harsha (1089–1101 AD) initially seemed to promise stability and prosperity for Kashmir; however, subsequent years revealed the fragility of this facade. Harsha's indulgence led to his downfall, and Kashmir became embroiled in civil wars that wreaked havoc upon its people...